What you may notice
A scan may show a lump, enlarged lymph node or unexplained organ change for which a tissue sample is suggested. The finding may or may not be causing symptoms. Being advised to have a biopsy does not mean that cancer has already been diagnosed.
A tissue sample is examined for its cells
What could cause it?
Possible explanations include benign tissue, inflammation, infection and different types of tumour. Some findings are diagnosed with imaging or blood tests alone. A biopsy is considered when knowing the tissue type could change care, with the safest useful target chosen after reviewing the images and clinical history.
When to contact a doctor
Discuss the reason, urgency and alternatives with the referring doctor. Report fever, rapid growth, persistent weight loss or worsening symptoms promptly. After a biopsy, increasing pain, significant bleeding, fever or new breathlessness needs urgent advice; severe breathlessness, fainting or collapse is an emergency: call 108.
How interventional radiology may help
IR can guide a needle to selected findings in the liver, lung, kidney, lymph nodes or other sites using ultrasound or CT. A pathologist examines the sample. Sometimes an endoscopic or surgical biopsy is more suitable, or repeat sampling is needed. Preparation includes a medication and bleeding-risk review; do not stop blood thinners without an agreed plan.
Further reading: detailed assessment and treatment options
Patient information sources
References are in English.
Educational information, not a diagnosis. The causes listed are examples, not a complete list. Tests and treatment depend on your individual assessment.